Soviet Union And The Cold War Essay - 1484 Words

The Cold War was a state of tension between the Soviet Union and the United States soon after WWII had ended. The war was deemed â€Å"cold’ because there was no direct fight between the two key countries. When World War II ended, there were only two super powers left and both had intentions of spreading their incompatible ideological system across the globe. Soviet’s Communism and the United States’ Capitalism were the different views that sparked the Cold War. Problems started when the USSR started its expansionism in Eastern Europe which went against the rules brought about in the Yalta Conference. The Yalta Conference was the meeting of the heads of governments of United States, United Kingdom and the Soviet Union (Brinkley p. 655). The conference was designed to prepare a post-war peace plan. The United States saw the Soviet’s expansion as a threat so they planned to contain the growth of communism. Under President Truman, the United States aided cou ntries in Europe to stop the spread of communism. This aid cost the United States approximately 400 million dollars which went to the Greek and Turkish governments. The Cold War had a massive impact on numerous countries around the world with proxy wars occurring in places like Korea and Vietnam. While the war was pulling other countries into conflict, the United States was being influenced as well. Fear and a shift in opinion of homosexuals were present in the time of the Cold War and even continued when the Cold War came to anShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War And The Soviet Union973 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a state of economic, diplomatic, and ideological discord among nations without armed conflict. The Cold War was between the United States and the USSR because these were the two major powers after WWII. Basically, the Cold War was a series of proxy wars that had taken place back in time involving surrounding countries. One of the main causes for Cold War was that the Soviet Union was spreading communism and the United States didn’t like that so they were trying to contain communismRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1233 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War is unique among war’s to be not a war between states, but a war between ideologies. The United States and other allies defend social democracy capitalism, as the pinnacle of freedom and equality; and the Soviet Union though communism was the pinnacle of equality. These ideologies manifested themselves through the superpowers, which caused the conflict between them. Both the United States, and the Soviet Union are to blame for the outbreak of the Cold War. The United State’s missionRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1697 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War, in fact didn’t take place in the winter season, but was just as dangerously cold and unwelcoming, as it focused on two contrasting powers: the U.S. and the Soviet Union. After World War 2, the Cold War influenced capitalist U.S. and communist Soviet Union to engage in disagreements causing many disputes having to use military, economic and humanitarian aid. With different goals, the contrasting powers prove through the Marshall Plan, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and SALT that communismRead MoreThe Cold War And Soviet Union840 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many theories and opinions of how the cold war started. Some believe that the cold war was the result of the belligerence of Joseph Stalin and the insecurity it caused in the United States and the West. Others believe the primary responsibility for the cold war derives from the hardline policies of the United States. (Viewpoints Article: the Soviet Union Start the Cold War) I believe The Cold War was triggered by the theory of two superpower countries in a race for dominance in the worldRead MoreCold War And The Soviet Union859 Words   |  4 PagesAMS2270 Cold War This essay will discuss about cold war, including the background, beginning, progress and ending. As we know, cold war is a struggle between U.S. with NATO and Soviet Union with WTO from 1947 to 1991. It is a significant event in history, and it influence the almost all of world, it directly lead to the radical change of eastern Europe and the breakup of the USSR. In 1946 February, George.F.Kennan wrote a â€Å"Long Telegram†, it clearly said the strategy of containing Soviets and itRead MoreThe Cold War On The Soviet Union1230 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War’s effect on the Soviet Union Shortly after the World War 2 ended, the United States and its North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies entered the cold war with the Soviet Union. Germany was divided in half and later, the Berlin Wall was constructed as a physical boundary between the Soviet controlled East Germany and NATO controlled West Germany. This standoff continued until the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. The cold war had a huge influence on the world stage, but also had a majorRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1391 Words   |  6 Pageswake of World War II as the decades-long force of Germany’s reign came to its conclusion, an extensive repositioning of authority among the world’s top powers began. The war wielded devastating consequences for most countries involved and effectively diminished the dominance Britain and France once employed across the globe. Out of this devastation rose the two new dominating forces of the world who were triumphant in the aftermath of the war: the U nited States and the Soviet Union. The United StatesRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a period in world history marked with increased tensions primarily between the United States and the Soviet Union. Both countries desired to expand their ideologies across the globe, the U.S. urging capitalism and democratic elections and the Soviets promoting communism. After the allies had obtained victory in World War II, the Yalta Conference was held. Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, wanted to expand his sphere of influence into Eastern Europe and demanded thatRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1343 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: As one of the most important events in 20th century, the Cold War had a very deep influence for the human-being civilization and it changed the world structure . The United States and the Soviet Union ,the two poles, became enemies from friends after the World War II. They adopt hostile attitude towards each other and criticized the the opponents’ social systems. To find out who provoked the Cold War, the US, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdoms ,Roosevelt, Truman ,Stalin, and ChurchillRead MoreThe Soviet Union Of The Cold War1745 Words   |  7 Pages During the era of the Cold War, starting in 1947 and definitively ending in 1991, the United States and the Soviet Union faced off in conflicts with each other through smaller states. The United States and Soviet Union faced off to see who could spread their ideology the most in Europe. The Soviet Union used force and supported coups to spread communism while the United States installed democratic governments as a way to counter communism in Eastern Europe. These small conflicts that the two superpowers

Literary Reflection - 820 Words

Literary Reflection As literature has progressed throughout the centuries, one of the basic principles has remained the same and that is: for literature to be effective, the reader must establish a connection of some sort to the literary work. Looking at the story from a theological standpoint, Alice Walker’s short story, The Welcome Table (1970), makes the reader not only imagine the struggles colored people had to endure but also knowing that having faith in Jesus can bring about a sense of joy. This piece of literary work captured my interest because of its true soulfulness and also how the story was told. The text explains about a point-of-view called omniscient, which is used in this story. Omniscient, according to Clugston, is†¦show more content†¦The story was made even more powerful because the church, which was supposed to be a place of worship and a gathering place of God’s people, still had people that looked down on the old black woman as being from an inferior race. The descriptive talent of the author makes the reader not only connect with the story by initially feeling a sense of hopelessness for the woman, but completely turns it around and promotes a sense of victory. References Adolf, A. (2010). WHAT DOES PEACE LITERATURE DO? AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GENRE AND ITS CRITICISM. Peace Research , 42 (1/2), 9-21,177. Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey Into Literature. (E. Evans, Ed.) San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education,Show MoreRelatedReflections on Society in Literary Works865 Words   |  4 Pagesdehumanization through isolation from society. While some might believe that Marquez and Golding use the trapped characters’ actions to criticize society, it they are actually doing the opposite. All immoral behavior done by characters in these literary works are done in the absence of society, showing that the authors are actually portraying society as the stabilizing element of our morality, and the structure of our humanization. Without society, for characters like Maria, Jack, Roger and RalphRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Mirror `` By Sylvia Plath1231 Words   |  5 Pageswritten in free verse. However, the poem has a nice flow to it, as the words fluctuate gracefully through each line. Plath heavily uses imagery and symbolism in this lyric poem as this can be observed in the first stanza. In add ition to the types of literary devices Plath uses continually throughout her poem, she also has set her poem in two locations. In the first verse, the setting is in a bathroom, one can infer this through her use of imagery. The second known setting is a lake, but as a reader,Read More Anatomy of Criticism Essay example1249 Words   |  5 PagesAnatomy of Criticism  Ã‚   Introduction In his Anatomy of Criticism, Northrop Frye offers a complex theory that aspires to describe a unifying system for literary criticism. It can be argued, however, that in attempting to delineate such an all-inclusive structure, Fryes system eliminates identity in literature. The present essay takes up this argument and offers examples of how identity is precluded by Fryes system as outlined in Anatomy of Criticism. Structure Vs. Identity In Fryes systemRead MoreEdward Hirsch Taught the World to Appreciate Poetry Essay772 Words   |  4 Pagesappreciate poetry to its greatest potential. Born in Chicago on January 20, 1950, he began writing at a young age and his traditional writing style of formal with a small creative twist. He strengthened America Poetry and gave a different view of literary criticism. Like any other eight year old boy, Hirsch loved sports, but he also fell in love with poetry. He found and read a copy of Emily Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s â€Å"Spellbound† and loved it. As a child, he did not read a lot or really enjoy it, but through hisRead MoreSummary : Professional Accomplishments Essay1637 Words   |  7 PagesSaramago. Thesis supervisor: dr. hab. BogusÅ‚aw Bednarek, University of WrocÅ‚aw. 1996-2001 – Doctoral Studies, Programme in Bibliology, Linguistics and Literary Science, University of WrocÅ‚aw, initially in the Culture Theory Research Unit, under the academic auspices of prof. dr. hab. Jerzy JastrzÄ™bski; from the second academic year – in the Literary Theory Research Unit. 2002 – PhD (doktor) in the humanities, based on the thesis: Gnosis and Literature. Motifs, threads, interpretative models. DoctoralRead MoreEssay about Grief from a Cross-Cultural Perspective1573 Words   |  7 Pagestextual. The story is divided into three sections: the first introduces the concept of insanity as experienced by the protagonist; the second, although still set in the stream of consciousness, focuses on the narrator’s grief rather than his reflection of self; the third concludes with the protagonist reentering reality, or the physical world. From the analysis of these sections, conclusions will be drawn through comparison to the Kà ¼bler-Ross model. In order to compare the human reactions to theRead MoreFive Theories in the Bedroom of the Dead Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesJames Joyce’s short story â€Å"The Dead† is used to portray this statement in Garrett’s article â€Å"Six Theories in the Bedroom of The Dead.† As noted by the title of the article, Garrett analyzes James Joyce’s story using more than one literary theory and a â€Å"general reflection† at the end to recap his work (Garrett 123). Garrett takes time to point out why each t heory can and cannot work for â€Å"The Dead† using historical and textual evidence to support his claims. The theories in question are: deconstructionRead MoreWilliam Wordsworth1477 Words   |  6 PagesWordsworth’s Use of Literary Devices Related to Nature William Wordsworth’s frequent references to nature in his poetry shows that he paid close attention to the details of the physical environment around him. His poetry relates to nature by focusing primarily on the relationship between inner life with the outer world. William Wordsworth uses literary devices such as personification, similes, and the impressions nature makes on him to show the importance of the relationship that man should haveRead MoreEssay on Finding Meaning in For Color Girls1232 Words   |  5 Pagesovercome them. Not much of that thinking has changed except now, with critical attitudes like the intrinsic and feminist literary theory analysis, the text has a broader meaning. For colored girls does not mean for black women only, it means for all women with beauty and different shades as they rise and take power. I am going to analyze this text using the intrinsic and feminist literary theory analysis. With the intrinsic analysis, I will brood mostly on the style and characterization of the text. AccordingRead MoreThe Death Of The Author1194 Words   |  5 Pagesthis in the first place. You would not get a paper of this theme of concept in the United States, during the time he wrote this and even now. The subject of his paper, literary theory, allows me to believe that during this time there was a spike in literature and higher education. The way Barthes wrote this essay is a reflection of who he is. The examples and comparison that he uses reflects not only where he is from but his interests. The first example he uses in his essay was about a writer Sarrasine

Sustainable Competitive Advantage of Walmart free essay sample

Wal-MartCase 8: Sustaining Competitive advantage Question 1: What are the isolating mechanisms preserving Wal-Mart’s competitive advantage in the US market? (use readings case 7) Sam Walton was the founder of Wal-Mart. Sam had the idea of reaching small towns in rural areas where the people had to travel many miles to do their shopping. This was a big market that was initially ignored by the major players before Wal-Mart. Eventually Wal-Mart grew to become market leader among the US discount department stores. The core of their success was defined by their technological superiority and the way Wal-Mart treats her associates (customers, employees and suppliers). According to the resource-based theory of a firm, there are two characteristics that resources must have to maintain sustainability of the firm’s competitive advantage: 1 Scarcity 2 Imperfect mobility Concerning Wal-Mart, Imperfect mobility might be more obvious: During the years, Wal-Mart developed a technological superiority that provided the company with almost real-time information about inventory, suppliers and buyers. These capabilities and resources made it possible for Wal-Mart to apply the ‘everyday low prices’ strategy. This sophisticated technology in the sense of experience, know-how and mass investment made it very difficult for competitors to imitate or neutralize Wal-Mart’s competitive advantage. Sustaining this competitive advantage, Wal-Mart made use of several isolating mechanisms: Impediments to Imitation: 1 Legal restrictions: This implies the use patents or other IP means. This is not relevant to Wal-Mart’s story. Superior Access to inputs or Customers: Firms often achieve favorable access to inputs by controlling the sources of supply through ownership or long-term exclusive contracts. Given the fact that Wal-Mart was targeting rural areas, they didn’t have distributors falling over themselves to serve them like competitors in larger towns. Their only alternative: building their own warehouses. Wal-Mart used a two-step, hub-and-spoke distribution network. Wal-Mart trucks bring the merchandise to the distribution center, where it is sorted for delivery to the Wal-Mart stores.80% of the purchases for the Wal-Mart stores were shipped from its own 27 distribution centers. Also because of their Technological superiority, Wal-Mart has access to a lot of detailed, real-time information. This way, Wal-Mart store managers have full access to real-time inventory data. Suppliers have a direct communication with Wal-Mart concerning deliveries, etc. Employees and top management are in close contact through satellite technology. Many insights and opportunities can be discovered in the aggregated customer data. This superior management of information sets Wal-Mart apart from competitors in the US and gives Wal-Mart the competitive advantage to set very low prices. 3 Market size and scale economies: In the beginning, Wal-Mart was the underdog in the market. So it surely did not benefit from economies of scale. Now Wal-Mart is market leader in the US and definitely has economies of scale. But, in my opinion, this may be explained better through other isolation mechanisms. 4 Intangible Barriers to Imitation. Causal ambiguity: causal ambiguity can be explained in situations where the causes of a firm’s ability to create more value than its competitors are obscure and only imperfectly understood. F. e. Tacit knowledge. Employees over time develop certain skills that may be specific for a certain company. Explaining those specific skills to another company may be very hard. Wal-Mart puts a lot of effort in training their employees and motivating them by giving them more responsibility and recognition. F. e.giving their store managers more latitude in setting prices empowered their managers to sell at their optimal price instead of following a general price for every store. This way employees develop a certain expertise, know-how that is very specific to Wal-Mart and can’t be imitated easily by direct competitors. b Dependence on Historical Circumstances: A firm’s history of strategic action comprises its unique experiences in adapting to the business environment. These experiences can make the firm uniquely capable of pursuing its own strategy and incapable of imitating the  strategies of competitors. Wal-Mart started as the underdog in small towns in rural areas. This was a very tough position to start in, but with the dedication of Sam Walton and its associates, Wal-Mart became US leader in discount stores. With that, Wal-Mart cumulated a lot of experience. c Social Complexity: Socially complex phenomena include the interpersonal relations of managers in a firm and the relationship between the firm’s managers and those of its suppliers and customers. Wal-Mart has a very open culture regarding its associates. Employees are motivated to use the â€Å"YesWeCanSam† suggestion program give ideas to simplify, improve or eliminate work. Profit sharing accounts were available for employees after one year. Based on earnings growth, Wal-Mart contributed a percentage of every eligible employee’s wage to his or her profit sharing account, whose balance the employee could take upon leaving the company either in cash or Wal-Mart stock. Basically having a small cut of Wal-Mart’s profit after leaving the company. This way, employees had a very tight bond with Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart also had an ‘open door’ policy: associates such as managers and suppliers were very well informed about the numbers of Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart was known as a no-nonsense negotiator among its suppliers. Very often suppliers evolved into ‘partnerships’. Installing EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) gave suppliers all the information they needed about Wal-Mart. In general, Wal-Mart focused on building loyalty among associates, customers and suppliers. Early-Mover Advantages:  Learning curve: A firm that has sold higher volumes of output that its competitors in earlier periods will move farther down the learning curve and achieve lower unit costs than its rivals. This is definitely true for Wal-Mart. 2 Reputation and buyer uncertainty: Once the firm’s reputation has been created, the firm will have an advantage competing for new customers, increasing the number of customers who have had success ful trials and thus further strengthening its reputation. Quality of services for customers and suppliers are very high at Wal-Mart. Buyer switching costs: Customers have low switching costs at discount stores. Although there might be some switching costs involved for small town folks where the next discount store, next to Wal-Mart, is many miles away. 4 Network effects: The more users in the actual network, the greater the opportunities for communication, and the greater the value of the network. This might not be very relevant for Wal-Mart. Maybe only relevant for its EDI platform for its suppliers. Summary of potential factors: 1 Build own warehouses2 locating stores in isolated rural areas which everyone ignored 3 Obsessed with keeping prices below everybody else’s 4 Workfloor: doing things different, unpredictable, interesting and fun. 5 Walton knew his competitors intimately and copied their best ideas. 6 Staying humble during Wal-Mart’s success. 7 Open-door policy 8 empowering associates, maintaining technological superiority and building loyalty among associates, customers and suppliers. 9 ev eryday-low prices, Wal-Mart had very few promotions. advertising was low. Gives store managers more latitude in setting prices centrally priced, direct competitors 11 Efforts to replace foreign-sourced goods with american-made ones. 12 Quick communication with managers to adjust inflow of products gt; avoid overstocking and deep discounting. 13 Hub-and-spoke distribution network 14 Cross-docking = no inventory gt; immediately shifting goods from the suppliers truck to the Wal-Mart truck. 15 EDI: very close connection with their suppliers 16 Close connection with employees

Pink Floyd Research Paper free essay sample

Then just as quickly as I was swept away, I was eerily back in my room where I was writing this paper. When I thought â€Å"what was roger waters thinking while writing the lyrics, and how did the unused sessions of the collaborated written music sound, did David Gilmour like a different guitar riff than waters, or were they unanimously in agreement? †. These were the strikes on my mental match that started the unstoppable Floyd fire which set my mind ablaze. Pink Floyd over the 48 years of its existence has had five members in the group(all of which have been inducted in the rock amp; roll hall of fame), with its founder being Syd Barrett (some argue roger waters had founder status as well, but I dont know because it wasn’t â€Å"Pink Floyd† until Barrett came up with the name). The four original members of Pink Floyd all met in London while going to school for their degrees. We will write a custom essay sample on Pink Floyd Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Syd Barrett, the original lead guitarist, met up with three men who were studying at the London Technical College for Architecture. These three were Roger Waters, the bass player, Rick Wright the keyboardist and finally a drummer named Nick Mason. All of the members of the band were originally from Cambridge apart from Rick Wright, who was from London. In fact Waters and Mason were friends at school and had spent most of their teenage life together. Waters and Barrett were childhood friends. Waters had usually visited Barrett and watched him play guitar at Barretts mothers house. Mason said this regarding Barrett: In a period when everyone was being cool in a very adolescent, self-conscious way, Syd was unfashionably outgoing; my enduring memory of our first encounter is the fact that he bothered to come up and introduce himself to me. Starting in 1964, the band that would become Pink Floyd underwent various line-up and name changes such as The Abdabs, The Screaming Abdabs, Sigma 6, and The Meggadeaths. In 1965, Barrett joined them as The Tea Set (sometimes spelled as T-Set), Barrett created the name The Pink Floyd Sound on the spur of the moment when he discovered that another band, also called the Tea Set, were to perform at one of their gigs. The final name is derived from the given names of two Georgia blues musicians whose records Barrett had in his collection, Pink Anderson and Floyd â€Å"flipper boy† Council. Pink Floyd (as they are called now) originally consisted of students Syd Barrett, Nick Mason, Roger Waters, and Richard Wright. Pioneering the Pink Floyd’s sound was Syd Barrett. Pink Floyd first gained popularity performing in Londons underground music scene during the late 1960s. In early 1967, Norman Smith began working with a new group, Pink Floyd, producing their first, second, and fourth studio albums The Piper at the Gates of Dawn, A Saucerful of Secrets, and Ummagumma. By mid-1967, they had developed an unmistakably psychedelic sound, performing long, loud compositions that boasted accents of hard rock, blues, country, folk, and experimental electronic music. Adding a slide-and-light show (one of the first in British rock), they became a sensation among Londons underground as a featured attraction at the UFO Club. Under Barretts creative leadership they released two charting singles called â€Å"See Emily Play†, And â€Å"Arnold Layne†; Another success is â€Å"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn†, the debut album by Pink Floyd, and the only one made under founding member Syd Barretts leadership. David Gilmour joined as a fifth member in December 1967. After two albums (The Piper at the Gates of Dawn, A Saucerful of Secrets), Barrett self-destructed due to mental instability aggravated by drug use, Barrett left the band 4 months later in April 1968; Gilmour filled the musical void left by Barrett. First a brief stop off in 1969 with music from the Film †more† which is the first full-length soundtrack album, and third studio album by Pink Floyd (Released on 13 June 1969 in the UK and 9 August in the US). More contains some acoustic folk ballads, a genre that appeared by a hair on later works. It also contains some of the bands heaviest recordings, such as The Nile Song and Ibiza Bar, as well as several instrumental tracks, featuring their experimental and ground breaking visionary approach. This is Pink Floyds first full album without founding member Syd Barrett, who was ousted from the group in early 1968 during the recording of their previous album, A Saucerful of Secrets. It is one of the two Pink Floyd albums to feat ure David Gilmour as the sole lead vocalist (the other being 1987s A Momentary Lapse of Reason), and it is also the first album to be produced by Pink Floyd without assistance from Norman Smith. Now into the Seventies, with bassist Roger Waters providing more of the songwriting and direction, Pink Floyd became one of the most influential rock bands of all time. It was a preoccupation of Pink Floyd’s interest in space that would later surface in songs like â€Å"Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun† (from A Saucerful of Secrets) and the group’s masterwork, Dark Side of the Moon. With guitarist David Gilmour on-board as Barrett’s replacement, Pink Floyd’s lineup remained constant for the next 15 years. In the wake of Piper, they recorded psychedelic soundscapes such as â€Å"A Saucerful of Secrets† and the double album â€Å"Ummagumma†, which had one disc of live performances and one of individual works by each band member. Laid-back but experimental, Pink Floyd kicked off the Seventies with the, albums â€Å"Atom Heart Mother† (1970) and â€Å"Meddle† (1971). Waters became their primary songwriter and lyricist. Pink Floyd achieved critical and commercial success with the concept albums The Dark Side of the Moon (1973), Wish You Were Here (1975), Animals (1977), The Wall (1979) and The Final Cut (1983). The times were ever changing as were the feelings and emotions within the band. Richard Wright left Pink Floyd in 1979, during the sessions for The Wall. Wright was basically forced out of Pink Floyd. One story holds that Waters had even gone so far as to threaten to destroy all the working tapes if Wright didn’t leave. Another quotes David Gilmour as saying that Wright wasn’t contributing much of anything, and hadn’t been for a couple years, partially due to â€Å"a bad cocaine habit. † Wright himself has stated that he â€Å"left† the band, but that’s almost definitely him putting his own spin on the situation. Then again, just about everybody seems to put their own spin on Wright’s leave. In 1985 following not far behind Wright and Barrett’s lead was Roger Waters. After recording of â€Å"The Final Cut† was finished Waters was pretty much gone, and by the time â€Å"The Final Cut† was released he was very distant from the rest of the band. David Gilmour and Nick Mason continued as Pink Floyd and Wright subsequently joined them as a paid musician. September 19, 1987: A reunited Pink Floyd (also referred to as Dehydrated Floyd, because of the absent Roger Waters), releases ‘A Momentary Lapse of Reason,’ their first studio album since 1983? ‘The Final Cut. Then in 1994 The Division Bell is released, the fourteenth and last studio album by English progressive rock group Pink Floyd. It was released in the UK by EMI Records on 28 March 1994 and in the US by Columbia Records on 4 April. Two years later in 1996 Pink Floyd (including all 5 members) was inducted into the US Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005, After nearly two decades of bitterness, the band reunited in 2005 for a performance at the global awareness event Live 8. Barrett died in 2006 and Wright in 2008. In 2011, surviving members Gilmour and Mason joined Waters at one of his The Wall Tour shows at The O2 Arena in London. As of 2013 they have sold more than 250 million records worldwide, including 74. 5 million certified units in the United States. Now onto my favorite part of this research paper, this is listening. I was supposed to pick 5 songs and I did, but not without problems in choosing which 5 songs. I felt at first, that the songs had to communicate the different years of Pink Floyd you know? I wanted to demonstrate and define hippie/psychedelic rock and discuss how Pink Floyd embodies hippie values. I also wanted to track Pink Floyds shift from hippie/psychedelic rock group to progressive rock group. I finally wanted to discuss in depth the progressive rock movement and how Pink Floyd fits the definition of a progressive rock group. But ultimately I thought, keep it simple josh. So I will give you differentiating styles in explaining their music, my top five Floyd. At my number five is â€Å"Welcome To The Machine†. This song starts off with a buzzing completion sound, which becomes constant alongside a chugging motor or washing machine murmur. Then in simultaneous synchronicity a guitar (acoustic) with steel strings strums a pattern of four chords before I hear â€Å"Welcome my son, welcome, to the machine† being belted out. The sound of a press and depress steam machine sounds off in this time as well. Then the lyrics start following a question and answer scheme. They begin answering their own questions, as if they can picture who their talking with and know what they’re going to say. In the context of my life and the song, I believe the phrase â€Å"Welcome to the machine† simply put means welcome to life, to the day in day out grind. The song demonstrates (like most of Floyd work), that melody can be achieved and maintained with guitar, bass, erratic synthesizers, and even industrial tool samples. Coming in at a prestigious number four is â€Å"Nobody Home†. â€Å"Nobody Home† follows Is There Anybody Out There? on â€Å"The Wall† album answering the question first and foremost on your mind. â€Å"Nobody Home† is on the groups concept album turned movie â€Å"The Wall†. The song was written after an argument between Gilmour, Waters, and co-producer Bob Ezrin during production of â€Å"The Wall†. In which Gilmour and Ezrin challenged Waters to come up with one more song for the album. Waters then wrote Nobody Home and returned to the studio two days later to present it to the band. It was the last song written for The Wall. On the 30th anniversary of The Wall episode of the US radio show In the Studio with Redbeard, Gilmour revealed that Nobody Home was one of his favorite songs from the album making waters triumph over their challenge all the more sweeter. Nobody Home enters with (to me) a sorrowful feel to the piano chords after the sounds of a T. V. a lone murmur heart beat wanders in the foreground and we hear the first vocals which echo slightly and float on â€Å"Ive got a little black book with my poems in. Got a bag with a toothbrush and a comb in When Im a good dog, they sometimes throw me a bone in. † saying he has little then waters deepens it later with a sense of achieving these and better things but still, nobody’s home. The vocals touch on different aspects of being on tour says waters and others speculate that the lyrics: â€Å"I got nicotine stains on my fingers I got a silver spoon on a chain Got a grand piano to prop up my mortal remains†. Are said to have been written specifically about Floyds pianist Richard Wright, who was allegedly struggling with cocaine addiction at the time. Even more say they are reminiscent of Syd Barrrett and his fragile mental state during 1967. This is one of my personal favorite songs and was hard to rate at four because the way it’s helped me throughout hardships. To me â€Å"Nobody Home† is played when feeling lonely and reclusive is king. Coming up on the peak we have number three, â€Å"Comfortably Numb†. Bass, crash, and drum bass all start in a rhythmic splash. Rising outta thin air is this cosmic feeling synth followed by an echoing â€Å"hello† and with that the song takes shape. With light sax in the foreground its smoky emergence settles and a one sided conversation with a doctor ensues. There are inner questions of personal reflection with similar feeling experiences and an overwhelming feeling that can only be described as â€Å"Comfortably Numb†. The song is one of Pink Floyds most famous, and is renowned especially for its guitar solos. In 2004, the song was ranked number 314 on Rolling Stone magazines list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In 2005, it was the last song ever to be performed by Waters, Gilmour, Wright, and Mason together. â€Å"Comfortably Numb† can best be enjoyed at night in a dark room, so you imagination can run wild, Or in moments of great stress, as to paint a vivid picture of your situation. What’s that I hear (hear, hear, hear†¦)? Its number two, â€Å"Echoes†. Now there is the original â€Å"echoes† from â€Å"Meddle† and a shortened version from a compilation album entitled â€Å"Echoes: The Best Of Pink Floyd†; I will be referring to the shortened version, as the 23:31 running time on the original seemed a little steep. So I wrote what the music evoked in my mind what I pictured is what I’m writing. The beginning and throughout I get the feel of a cave scene with stalactites’ hanging down. Condensation is slowly dripping one at a time off of them into a sparkling clear spring. I’m walking through this cavern and there is only natural light, its shining at the end of my tunnel. As I get closer the drips get faster, the music gets more triumphant and the beat drives on. Just as you approach it the Horns are set ablaze and sound off N’sync with each other (like â€Å"bye, bye, bye† haha jk). You finally see where the light comes from and it’s beautiful. A cavern of crystal that sparkles, as it carries the echoes of the chiming horns and built up drums. As you look left and right, the distorted guitar holds swaying chords as you navigate left and right. As the rhythmic beat starts to resonate. You bask in the vocals of a futuristic voice accompanied by an experimental rock chord scale with a western overtone; then like a dream you’re swept away in the wind effects and ascend back where you came from with a slowly rising string and key outro. That is the way I experienced â€Å"Echoes†. My number one is without a doubt â€Å"Wot’s†¦ Uh the Deal? †. This is a song from Pink Floyds 1972 album, Obscured by Clouds and features multi-tracked vocals by David Gilmour, and lyrics by Roger Waters. It was never performed live by the band. However, David Gilmour, along with Richard Wright, performed it at several shows on his 2006 On an Island tour and it appears on the 2007 live DVD, Remember That Night. In the beginning it’s the picking pattern that automatically sets the entire mood to low tone Floyd with a trailing piano being played as backup. To me the lyrics depict someone who is not yet welcomed into this â€Å"promised land† that he can so visibly see an yet throughout the song he tries to ask to be let in â€Å"show me where the key is kept†, but no entry. It isn’t until he finds a girl and a great girl that is worth settling down with â€Å"With her by my side; and if she prefers we will never stir again† That someone says â€Å"The Promsiedland† that he finally is the man on the inside. But through all this the Promised Land is offered by welcoming them in â€Å"Cause theres no wind left in my soul and Ive grown old†. This to me means if I discovered how to solve this big puzzle of lifetime proportions; and I wasted most my life doing it, then I want to share my knowledge so maybe you don’t have to waste your life. Such was Pink Floyds songs and ideals; they have given me more than I could ever measure. Pink Floyd has given us all timeless music that I will later describe as the soundtrack to my life. Music, it’s what I’ll pass on. Pink Floyd it’s at the beginning of all my experiences and the will serenade the end†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Works Cited http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Wots _Uh_the_Deal%3F http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Comfortably_Numb http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nobody_Home http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pink_Floyd#Discography http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Soundtrack_from_the_Film_More http://listverse. com/2012/02/06/10-facts-and-fibs-about-pink-floyd/ http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/The_Piper_at_the_Gates_of_Dawn http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pink_Floyd#Formation http://classicrock. about. com/od/bandsandartists/p/pink_floyd. htm http://www. rollingstone. com/music/artists/pink-floyd/biography http://www. keno. org/classic_rock/pink_floyd_bio. htm http://pinkfloyd. htmlplanet. com/History/index. htm http://musicnmusician. blogspot. com/2012/12/the-fam ous-pink-floyd. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Peter_Jenner http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pink_Floyd http://classicrock. about. com/od/bandsandartists/p/pink_floyd. htm http://rockhall. com/inductees/pink-floyd/bio/

Guide to Punctuation for English Learners

Guide to Punctuation for English Learners Punctuation is used to mark the cadence, pauses, and tone in written English. In other words, punctuation helps us to understand when to pause between fully formed ideas when speaking, as well as organize our thoughts in writing. English punctuation marks include: period .comma  ,question mark ?exclamation mark !colon :semi colon ; Beginning English learners should focus on understanding the period, comma, and question mark. Intermediate to advanced student should also learn how to use colons and semi colons, as well as an occasional exclamation mark. This guide provides instruction on the basic rules of using a period, comma, colon, semicolon, question mark and exclamation point. Each type of punctuation is followed by an explanation and example sentences for reference purposes. Period Use a period to end a complete sentence. A sentence is a group of words containing a subject and predicate. In British English a period is called a full stop. Examples: He went to Detroit last week. They are going to visit. Comma There are a number of different uses for commas in English. Commas are used to: Separate a list of items. This is one of the most common uses of a comma. Notice that a comma is included before the conjunction and which comes before the final element of a list. Examples: I like reading, listening to music, taking long walks, and visiting with my friends. They would like books, magazines, DVDs, video cassettes, and other learning materials for their library. Separate phrases (clauses). This is especially true after a beginning dependent clause or a long prepositional phrase. Examples: In order to qualify for your certificate, you will need to take the TOEFL exam. Although he wanted to come, he wasnt able to attend the course. Separate two independent clauses that are connected by a conjunction such as but. Examples: They wanted to purchase a new car, but their financial situation would not allow it. Id really enjoy seeing a film this evening, and Id like to go out for a drink. Introduce a direct quote (as opposed to indirect speech i.e. He said he wanted to come ...). Examples: The boy said, My father is often away during the week on business trips. His doctor replied, If you dont stop smoking, you run the risk of a heart attack. Separate appositives (a noun, or noun phrase) or non-defining relative clauses. Examples: Bill Gates, the richest man in the world, comes from Seattle. My only sister, who is a fantastic tennis player, is in great shape. Question Mark The question mark is used at the end of a question. Examples: Where do you live? How long have they been studying? Exclamation Point The exclamation point is used at the end of a sentence to indicate great surprise. It is also used for emphasis when making a point. Be careful not to use an exclamation point too often. Examples: That ride was fantastic! I cant believe he is going to marry her! Semicolon There are two uses for a semicolon: To separate two independent clauses. One or both of the clauses are short and the ideas expressed are usually very similar. Examples: He loves studying; he cant get enough of school. What an incredible situation; it must make you nervous. To separate groups of words that are themselves separated by commas. Examples: I took a holiday and played golf, which I love; read a lot, which I needed to do; and slept late, which I hadnt done for quite a while. They plan to study German, for their travels; chemistry, for their work; and literature, for their own enjoyment. Colon A colon can be used for two purposes: To provide additional details and explanation. Examples: He had many reasons for joining the club: to get in shape, to make new friends, to lose some weight, and to get out of the house. She gave notice for the following reasons: bad pay, horrible hours, poor relations with colleagues, and her boss. To introduce a direct quote (a comma can also be used in this situation). Examples: He announced to his friends: Im getting married! She cried out: I never want to see you again!

Tobacco Advertising Essays - Tobacco, Smoking, Philip Morris, Habits

Tobacco Advertising Essays - Tobacco, Smoking, Philip Morris, Habits Tobacco Advertising Tobacco Advertising and its dangerous effects on young people. Tobacco Advertising Makes Young People Their Chief Target Everyday 3,000 children start smoking, most them between the ages of 10 and 18. These kids account for 90 percent of all new smokers. In fact, 90 percent of all adult smokers said that they first lit up as teenagers (Roberts). These statistics clearly show that young people are the prime target in the tobacco wars. The cigarette manufacturers may deny it, but advertising and promotion play a vital part in making these facts a reality (Roberts). The kings of these media ploys are Marlboro and Camel. Marlboro uses a fictional western character called The Marlboro Man, while Camel uses Joe Camel, a high-rolling, swinging cartoon character. Joe Camel, the "smooth character" from R.J. Reynolds, who is shown as a dromedary with complete style has been attacked by many Tobacco-Free Kids organizations as a major influence on the children of America. Dr. Lonnie Bristow, AMA (American Medical Association) spokesman, remarks that "to kids, cute cartoon characters mean that the product is harmless, but cigarettes are not harmless. They have to know that their ads are influencing the youth under 18 to begin smoking"(Breo). Researchers at the Medical College of Georgia report that almost as many 6-year olds recognize Joe Camel as know Mickey Mouse (Breo). That is very shocking information for any parent to hear. The industry denies that these symbols target people under 21 and claim that their advertising goal is simply to promote brand switching and loyalty. Many people disagree with this statement such as Illinois Rep. Richard Durbin who states " If we can reduce the number of young smokers, the tobacco companies will be in trouble and they know it "(Roberts). So what do the tobacco companies do to keep their industry alive and well? Seemingly, they go toward a market that is not fully aware of the harm that cigarettes are capable of. U.S. News recently featured a discussion of the smoking issue with 20 teenagers from suburban Baltimore. The group consisted of ten boys and ten girls between the ages of 15 and 17. When asked why they started smoking, they gave two contradictory reasons: They wanted to be a part of a peer group. They also wanted to reach out and rebel at the same time. " When you party, 75 to 90 percent of the kids are smoking. It makes you feel like you belong," says Devon Harris, a senior at Woodlawn High. Teens also think of smoking as a sign of independence. The more authority figures tell them not to smoke, the more likely they are to pick up the habit (Roberts). The surprising thing is that these kids know that they are being influenced by cigarette advertising. If these kids know that this advertising is manipulating them, why do they still keep smoking? The ads are everywhere, especially in teen-oriented magazines, such as Rolling Stone and Spin. The ads also fuel some of the reasons the children gave for starting. They represent rebellion, independence, acceptance and happiness. These are all the things a young person, between childhood and adolescence, needs and desires. This type of advertising, on top of peer pressure, is the mystery behind the rise in adolescent smoking. How do we stop the future of America from smoking? Here are three things that the experts recommend. Try to convince your children that smoking is not cool. Talk to your kids at a young age about the dangers of smoking. Identify family members who smoke and ask them to stop (Thomas). Children are the most valuable commodity we are given in life. Let's try to educate them while they're young to be independent thinkers and to not be swayed by the tobacco companies who are trying to take advantage of their mind and body. "Bill Clinton vs. Joe Camel." U.S. News & World Report. 2 Sep. 1996: 12. Infotrac. Online. 27 Oct. 1996. "Selling Tobacco to Kids." America. 17 Feb. 1996: 3. Infotrac. Online. 27 Oct. 1996. Roberts, Steven. " Teens on tobacco; kids smoke for reasons all their own." U.S. News 18 Apr. 1996: 38. Infotrac. Online. 27 Oct. 1996. Thomas, Roger E. "10 steps to keep the children in your practice nonsmokers." American Family Physician. Aug. 1996: 450. Infotrac. Online. 27 Oct. 1996. Breo, Dennis L. "Kicking Butts-AMA, Joe Camel and the 'Black Flag' war on tobacco." JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association. 29 Oct. 1993:

Success of Chick-fil-a and how it relates to management Essay

Success of Chick-fil-a and how it relates to management - Essay Example 3). Truett unveiled his entrepreneurial skills at an early age of 8 years by opening and successfully operating a stand of Coca-cola at his family’s front yard on 1929 (Cathy 1). Six years later in 1935, Truett’s family relocated to Atlanta’s downtown due to financial strains. He started a paper delivery service to his neighbors, which enhanced his customer service and relations. In 1946 Truett started a small restaurant called Dwarf Grill with the support of his brother Ben Cathy (Cathy 1). This business adventure led to the opening or a second Dwarf House in Forest Park, which unfortunately burnt to the ground leading to massive loss of profit and property. A strong Christian character and business oriented attitude prompted Truett to rebuild the burnt restaurant and started using a home-made chicken recipe for a boneless chicken breast in a sandwich (Cathy 1). This recipe was from his mother’s kitchen, and Truett called it Chick-fil-A. In 1967, the bone less chicken breast recipe attracted many loyal customers which led to the opening of Chick-fil-A first restaurant in a shopping mall in Atlanta (Cathy par. 3). Truett continued to inspire his employees by offering scholarships for further education and housing for the less fortunate teenage boys. Chick-fil-A’s customers enjoy the delicious boneless chicken at affordable prices, which has contributed to 1,605 other restaurants in a total of 39 states in America (Cathy par. 4). As the CEO of Chick-fil-A, Truett has displayed his management and leadership skills by operating the chain of restaurants for 44 years with an upsurge of sales and charity donations (Cathy 4). Employees and youths in local communities benefit from the scholarships offered by Truett to acquire the best education and skills. Management practices Effective management practices in a company ensure that stakeholders, shareholders, employees and customers achieve their personal goals. Good management practic es are directed towards the following departments in a company: human resources, company product, marketing, technology development and process controls. Customer satisfaction is significant in increasing sales while improvement of employees’ working conditions, competency and confidence ensures a high performance output. Interpersonal relations with customers Chick-fil-A chain restaurants are currently under the management of Truett Cathy’s son called Dan Cathy. Cathy is the president and Chief of Operations (COO) of Chick-fil-A restaurants across the U.S. (Zikza 3). Mr. Cathy has power and authority that allows him to sit behind a desk in a closed office and issue orders, but his charismatic character leads him to abandon his office and attend to his customers personally (Carter par. 6). He further explains that Dan Cathy shakes his customers’ hands, serves them the tasty food, clears food trays and helps in cleaning up after his customers. One of Cathyâ€℠¢s foremost and memorable activities in his restaurants is giving kids free ice cream while they are all shouting in joy (Carter par. 8). In the contemporary knowledge-driven markets, many leaders forget the strong customer relationships and services and focus all their time, energy and resources on making profits only. Businesses thrive on demand and

Regional Trade Agreements versus Global Trade Liberalization Annotated Bibliography

Regional Trade Agreements versus Global Trade Liberalization - Annotated Bibliography Example This journal was written on the backdrop of renewed interest in regional trade agreements, with many policymakers and scholars analyzing the benefits and drawbacks of regional trade agreements versus trade liberalization. This book discusses the proliferation of regional trading relationships in the world, particularly in Europe, Asia, and Latin America, and the resulting policy concerns on their impact on excluded countries and generally the global trading system. It has been observed that multilateral system may fracture due to the overt discrimination policies advanced by the regional blocs. The book relies on empirical analysis to explore new forms of preferential trade agreements that concentrate their trades within such regions. In a twist, the author further assesses the regional blocs on what he terms as natural or supernatural and their impacts on the global welfare. in conclusion, the book talks about complete liberalization within blocs without reduction in barriers between them pushes the trading system into the super-national sphere of too much regionalization Many reason underlie the need for regional integration among which include strategic alliances mainly for security purposes, access to a larger chunk of the international market, and lock in domestic policy reform as is with the case with Mexico and the North American Free Trade Agreement. Ensuring of fair returns among the member is also a priority of regionalism as it ensures the disparities that exist among the members do not tilt the scale in favor of any particular member. The article reviewed the theoretical and empirical literatures that have been penned down on regionalism. The regional trade agreements have been to some extent the most liked form of reciprocal form of trade liberalization in the past decade or so. The paper highlights certain aspects of regionalism that have often been forgotten by writers, and theses aspects are key

New York Times Essay Example for Free

New York Times Essay The newspaper serves as the first draft of history and is the most important source of primary documents in which historians use in order to better gauge exactly what were the concerns and motivations of a specific age. In 1900, America was celebrating a new century although there was little to celebrate. The Boar War in South Africa was taking far too long and costing far too many money and lives in what was perceived to be an invincible British Empire. A massive explosion in West Virginia killed dozens of miners and in China, the Boxer Rebellion; a Chinese nationalistic movement in which all foreigners were sought after and either expelled from the country or killed, was causing international headaches for America and President McKinley. The December 24, 1900 issue of the New York Times, the most prestigious newspaper in the country, detailed many of the aforementioned events as well as the smaller stories which never did make the history books but were vitally important for those who were involved. As 1900 was coming to a close and moving into what would be the bloodiest century in human history, the readers of that day, saw a world with no shortage of pessimistic news and depressing facts about the state of their world. In the backdrop of the Christmas season, the concern of the people of New York, as detailed in this issue of the New York Times, were detailing the hatred and strife which much of the world, and especially New York City had, in the day before Christmas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most important international issue of this day was the Boar War.   America would remain neutral in this war but with British soldiers deep in the heart of South Africa and fighting a war, the details commanded a position on the front page. The headline in the top left corner of page 1, â€Å"Boars Take British town,† detailed the pursuits of the British army in relation to the Boar War, which was ending its second year with no sign of victory. The war would continue from 1899-1902 and cost more lives and money than would ever have been conceived and historians marked this as the beginning of the end of the British Empire.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There were other important issues of the day. One issue which the people of New York were talking about that day was the firing of District Attorney Garnier by then governor Theodore Roosevelt. This story was seen on page 1 of the Times as well as a detailed editorial on page 6 of the paper. Theodore Roosevelt was seen as a free thinking Progressive Reformer who had no use for patronage, nor public opinion dictating his actions. He was one of the most unique Presidents this country ever had served in the White House. These aspects came through when Governor Roosevelt, under the idea that Garnier: â€Å"that he did not acknowledge the telegram of the governor directing attention to these officers†¦ and allowed his assets to interfere with the prompt trial of election cases.†[1] In other words, Garnier’s association with Tammany, the political force of the Democratic Party in which graft and patronage ran rampant, could not be separated from the demands of this office. In the election of 1900, it was asserted that Garnier had done little or nothing to stop the election tampering which the Republicans asserted had occurred. Governor Roosevelt believed this to be the case and promptly fired Garnier.   The New York Times, in their editorial, criticized this move, through the professed to be no friend of Garnier. â€Å"We think that the people’s rights and not Garnier’s are infringed by the action of Governor Roosevelt and are forced to condemn that action as a blunder in the nature of a crime.†[2] Tammany, since the days of Boss William Tweed, had been under a suspicion of grafting politicians and Roosevelt, always the reformer, sought to free New York City from the patronage which he felt was choking the lifeblood from the city. Tammany had been a source of patronage for decades and it sometimes served as the only source of employment for immigrants who were being ignored by the establishment. However, Tammany always ran under a cloud of suspicion for corruption and the reform candidates of that age, sought to starve Tammany of patronage. It is also interesting to note that since Governor Roosevelt was causing so much trouble, for both the Democrats as well as the Republicans, that he was placed on the Republican ticket as President McKinley’s Vice President in 1900 only a few months earlier as a way to silence him. Little did they know that the assassination of President McKinley in September 1901, propel Roosevelt onto the world political stage for the next 7  ½ years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The newspaper also details the stories which never did make the history books. There are many one or two paragraph stories which served as life changing for those involved but which were quickly forgotten in a day or two by the rest of the public. One such story is of five year old Marie Horen who went into convulsions when she drank a bottle of whiskey as she copied what she had seen her father doing. She was rushed to the J. Hood Wright Hospital where her condition was deemed serious. Another story involves nine year old Nathan Roth who was shot in the head by one who the paper deemed crazy. He was shot in the head and the bullet exited the right eye of the boy. The boy was pronounced dead and the defendant, John Galletus, a father of three and one who had attempted to shoot others, was captured and sent away.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another negative aspect of this day in New York History was the number of fires that were reported. There was listed, sixteen fires that had occurred. One of these fires ripped through a tenement in which it was reported that there presumed to be, a number of victims but as the records of those living in these tenements were sketchy at best, it seems as though the exact count will never be known. It has been suspected that a number of these fires, especially the ones in which barns were being set ablaze, was suspected of being done by a group of sixteen years from the many notorious gangs which New York City housed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was also reported that Andrew Carnegie, the steel magnate, one who had originated from Scotland and had made his fortunes in steel, donated $20,000 for the assembly of a new library at the all black Tuskegee School in which Booker T. Washington founded and led. During these last years of his life, Carnegie sought o give away millions of dollars in the construction of libraries all across the country; from the large cities in America, to the small towns. He had earned his money through the ruthless exploitation of capitalism and now sought to right his wrongs and become a philanthropist and give money to support a new school at Tuskegee. This occurred at a time when only four years later, calls of treason arose from the South when President Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington, a leader in the African American community to lunch in order to discuss the issues of the day concerning African Americans. It was reported that the entire building would be built from the hard work of the students themselves; a practice which had been adhered to when the school was first built. This speaks to the social culture of the day and is in contrast to the arrest of Ed. Johnson, a â€Å"dark† man who was suspected of kidnapping a woman. The story states, on page 1, that Mr. Johnson had been identified by a child witness as not having been the suspect but which did little to dissuade the authorities to immediately free Mr. Johnson.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since this issue was dated Christmas Eve, there is also a religious aspect to this day as millions of Christians in the city were set to celebrate the birth of Jesus. This aspect of loving one’s neighbor which is seen more often around Christmas time than any other, was seen in a large advertisement which detailed the Salvation Army’s feeding of the poor as well as the performance of a passion play. These plays were designed to detail the last hours of Jesus before he was hung on the cross. These plays have served as a popular and touching aspect of the Christmas Season but which have become more popular during the Easter season. In this spirit of alms giving, the New York Protestant Episcopal Society was also feeding Christmas dinner to the poor. However, with New York City containing a large Jewish population, it was stated by the prominent rabbis of the city, that the Jewish people can enjoy this Christmas season, the joy and fulfillment which their fellow New Yorkers are experiencing this Christmas season but that Jews should be careful not to blend their appreciation for the enjoyment of others, with their own sense of faith, which it was stated, â€Å"has fundamental and final differences between Judaism and Christianity.†[3]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1900 was an important and event-packed year. Reading the newspapers, specifically the New York Times, serves as a reminder that ever day, there occurs events, large and small, important and socially irrelevant, that occur every day and which are important to the people it affects. In a city as large as New York City, there still occurs individual interest stories like the death of nine year old Nathan Roth or the case of five year old Maggie Enloin who went into convulsions after drinking a bottle of whiskey after seeing her father do the same. These stories occur every day, in every part of the country, as well as the world. Many times, they are not reported but in this day, December 24, 1900, the editors of The New York Times, felt that the tragic death of a nine year old to street violence, or the burnings of tenements on the Lower East Side, as well as the involvements of the Boxer Rebellion, the Boar War or the issues of patronage and corruption within the Tammany machine, all fell under the definition: â€Å"All the news that is fit to print.† This day in American History as well as New York History, saw a wide array of human interest stories, coupled with heavy issues and the larger questions of: â€Å"What role will political patronage serve in the city and how much damage can Governor Roosevelt make before he assumes the Vice Presidency? Are the problems of the tenements to only being reported or sill any actions are made to help the poor and to help them rise above their circumstance? Can the deaths of innocent children be reconciled in a city who believes that it is on the cutting edge of the country’s reforms? Also, to what degree, if any, will America get involved in the issues overseas such as the Boar War and the Boxer Rebellion and how their outcomes will affect America’s relations with these countries. The December 24, 1900 issue of the New York Times, had contained within its twelve pages, a wide array of stories from all walks of life and on all levels of importance. Many of the above mentioned people are to be remembered, when they are remembered at all, in the pages of the newspaper: the first draft of history. WORKS CITED The New York Times.   December 24, 1900 (Twelve Pages) [1] Governor Roosevelt’s Error The New York Times.   December 24, 1900 pg. 6 [2] Governor Roosevelt’s Error. The New York Times.   December 24, 1900 pg. 6 [3] The New York Times.   December 24, 1900

Narrative Essay :: Personal Narrative

David The chaos from my teenage sister’s birthday party was deafening. Somehow through the noise, I registered that the phone was ringing. Jumping up, my sister answered it in hopes of hearing her boyfriend’s voice. A look of concern and confusion crossed her face as she handed me the phone. She mouthed the word "David" as I placed the receiver to my ear. Immediately I began fighting off a panic I could not yet explain. Dead. David. Crying and screaming assaulted my senses. "He's dead. He's dead," were all I could hear. I wondered briefly if this was someone’s idea of a cruel joke. But, within moments, the cold reality of this life changing nightmare set in. How could something like this happen to someone I was so close to? I had just talked to him that morning. We were supposed to meet up later to hang out like always. My heart hurt; I couldn’t breathe. It was like I was stuck in a bad movie and I couldn’t turn it off. The tears just wouldn’t stop. I had to see for myself. I slipped my shoes on, grabbed my keys, and rushed to my car. The drive to David’s house was agonizing. I could barely see the road through my tears. The whole drive my mind was racing, trying to grasp the reality of what just happened. Once I got there and saw the ambulances, the policemen, and the look in his family’s eyes it hit me like a ton of bricks. He was really gone and not coming back. I've never seen a body bag with a real body in it. Not in real life and not with one of my friends inside. But there he was surrounded by detectives as the Emergency medical technicians were loading him into the ambulance. I'll never be able to erase that image from my mind and believe me, I have tried. David was a close friend of mine. We had known each other since elementary school. He was the one that could make me laugh nonstop and without even trying to. I could always depend on him to lift my spirits. He had the most amazing caramel eyes that seemed liked they stared into your soul.

A Study or Research on Depression and Anxiety Essay

I. Introduction ‘’ Anna† had been suffering from depression and anxiety attack since adolescence. Her depression started when her parents broke up while her anxiety attacks started her mother started working in Cebu, leaving Anna her psychological problems, but when she was 17, Anna did the ultimate act giving in to her depression, she committed to suicide by hanging. This true story brings home the reality of the problems of depression and anxiety that could afflict individuals regardless of age, status, race, social standing or gender, and the intensity and severity of the pain they bring that could be lead to the ultimate act of suicide. Even the great Sir Winston Churchill suffered from depression in his lifestyle. Severe depression marked by prolonged and very deep sorrow and lowered self-esteem, and anxiety, a serious state of deep worry and panic, affect a large number of individuals today. Shimberg (1991) identifies depression as â€Å" the most common biological disorder seen in psychiatry today that nobody can escape because people are either directly affected by it or try to cope with a  family member who is affected with depression† Aside from the ever-present danger and risk of suicide, depression and anxiety rob affected persons with loss of happiness and well being that could lead to physical, psychological and well social ailments. Many are prevented from going to school from finding or maintaining lucrative jobs, and from enjoying social activities with family and friends. All of these negative effects and fatal impact on depression and anxiety make this study highly significant. This aims to show that depression and anxiety when left undetected o untreated would lead to suicide among teenagers and adults alike. The second part of this study will present the salient facts about depression, its types, causes, risk factors, effects and dangers from suicide, as well as therapy and preventive measures to stop afflicted individuals from committing self-destruction. The next part will present all the facts about anxiety, the different types or manifestations, cause, risk factors, effects, dangers of suicide and also therapy and preventive measures.  The least part will focus on suicide. -the types and methods, the statistics of suicide due to depression and anxiety and the preventive measures that must be done by those nearest to the afflicted people with suicidal tendencies. II. Depression A.Definition Depression can be defined and described in various ways. Kyes and Hofling (1980) define it as a pathologic state, brought on the feelings of loss and/ or guilt and characterized by sadness and lowering of self-esteem. ¹It may also be simply defined as a brain disorder that affects thoughts, moods, feelings, behavior and physical health. More specifically, depression is best defined in terms of its attributes, or the observable signs, symptoms and charges it brings to an afflicted person. These include: (1) a marked alteration in mood such as sadness, loneliness and apathy; (2) a negative self-concept associated with self-reproaches and self-blame; (3) Regressive and self-punitive wishes such as the desires to escape, hide, or die; (4) vegetative changes including anorexia, insomnia, loss of libido ; and (5) change in activity level including retardation or agitation. ³ B.Types of Depression Today, psychiatrists categorize depression into the different types based on their characteristics. The first type termed Major depressive episode is marked by symptoms that appear without any cause that can be pinpointed. It prevents the person from doing normal daily activities and may be isolated (occur once) or recurrent. The second type called Manic episode is marked by dominating abnormal euphoria (extreme happy agitated state) or irritability. The third is Mixed episode marked by alternating mood, between mania depression for at least one week. This episode also goes by the name manic depression or bipolar disorder. The fourth and last in this group of psychiatric categories is Dysthymic disorder marked by the affected individual can still perform normal activities.⠁ ´ The reaction states in the depression are also classified in terms of state or intensity of impairment and disturbance. Neurotic depressive reaction is identified as a state of depression of neurotic intensity wherein realty testing is largely unimpaired and physiologic disturbances are mild. On the other hand, Psychotic depressive reaction is that state depression of psychotic intensity in which realities testing severely impaired and physiologic disturbances (vegetative signs) are usually conspicuous. The third state called Reactive depression is a depressive state which the precipitating stress can be clearly discerned and seen to be of some magnitude. The fourth state called Unipolar depression is a condition characterized by recurrent episodes of depression, usually of psychotic intensity, without episodes of mania.⠁ µ Another type of depression is called Seasonal Affective Disorder or SAD. This is a pattern of major depression related to seasonal changes which might be caused by decreased levels of sunlight and increased melatonin (mood-controlling hormone) in the brain.⠁ ¶ Unlike SAD which can be explained by a biochemical cause the cause of depression and its various types and states difficult to pinpoint. Scientists and experts believe that a combination of factors such as genetic vulnerability, environmental factors, stress, physical illness, or neurotransmitter imbalances in the brain could lead to depression. The known causes of depression are inherited vulnerability; environmental triggers; medications; illnesses; personality; alcohol; nicotine; and drug abuse; and diet.⠁ ¶ Inherited vulnerability as cause of depression means that having a family history of depression increases the risk of developing depression. A person who has a parent or relative with this condition is in danger of getting bogged down with depression. Researchers have isolated several genes involved in bipolar depression, although not all with this negative heredity trait develops the problem. It has been clarified that there are other factors that can lead t depression and one of these are environmental triggers such as stressful life events including loss or death of a loved one, divorce, break up of a relationship, loss of a job, financial worries, and sickness or loss of health or independence.⠁ · Although depression just like stress, is a part of life, when the depression starts to control a person’s life for over two weeks and leads to passive behavior prolonged sorrow, lack of appetites and a loss of the general zest for living, then he or she has shifted from simply being depressed to suffering from depression. This type of depression caused by a situation, specific event or life changing situation is called reactive or situational depression.⠁ ¸ In addition to inherited vulnerability, environmental triggers and stressful  events or situations, personality traits can also be cause of depression having low self-esteem, being too dependent, self critical, pessimistic and negative, and being easily overcome by stress can make a person prone to depression.⠁ ¹ Also, medications and illnesses, as well as habits such as drinking alcohol, smoking and drug abuse as well as poor dietary habits can also cause depression. Prolonged use of certain medications such as beta blocker propanolol or Inderal, some blood pressure medicines and drugs for treating arthritis and Parkinson’s disease may cause depression. Sometimes, steroid medications such as Prednisone and oral contraceptives, and anti-cancer medicines can also being on depression. Those chronically sick from heart disease are also greater risk for suffering from full blown depression. This connection between heart disease and hypothyroidism has been established by studies. ¹Ã¢  ° Studies also found that contrary to previous beliefs, people did not turn to alcohol, nicotine or drugs to get comfort from depression but it is these substances that make them prone to depression and anxiety disorders. Studies found that about 30% of depressives and 60% of bipolar depressives abuse alcohol and drugs. Moreover other bad habits such as not eating well and lack of foliate and Vitamin B-12 may also result in depressive symptoms. ¹Ã‚ ¹ With the various cause of depression cited above and one might ask what the risk factors are and who are at risk for depression. Shimberg (1991) point to stages in life that might trigger the problem including forced retirement; being left behind by children who get married or leave for school; becoming an adolescent. These life stages and occurrences individuals at the risk for depression. Childhood depression and post depression are forms of depression that often do not get recognized. ¹Ã‚ ² Moreover, according to Kyes (1980), some research had indicated that depression and bipolar disorders might earlier by experts. This indication is linked to increase in the adolescent suicide rate in recent years. ¹Ã‚ ³ Experts also warn that outside of those already mentioned as at risk for  depression because of the altered stage in life, families of those who are depressed at most at risk for depression. The reason for this is the destruction that depression cause on the depressed and all family members round them: damage to relationships, end to careers, lost dreams and chaos and torment for the family. So mothers of depressed children become depressed, and children of depressed parents also become more likely to get depressed. ¹Ã¢  ´ In terms of age, race, status, gender and other factors, experts point out that depression can affect all ages and all races, but typically the first episode occurs between the ages of 25 and 44. Although older people are no more at risk than other age groups, depression are higher among single individuals and those not in long-term relations- among divorced people and those who live alone. Women are more prone to major depression, dysthemia and seasonal affective disorder. It is said that one out of four women will experience some type of depression so women are at 25% higher risk, although both genders have about the same risk for bipolar depression.  ¹Ã¢  µ More important than knowing the risk factors causes of depression is knowledge of preventive measures and the signs and symptoms of depression so that its negative effects and serious impact can be avoided. When left untreated and undetected, depression can result only in the worst consequences of disability, dependency and even suicide. Statistics reveals that as high as 70 percent (70%) of people who committed suicide may have some form of depression. ¹Ã¢  ¶ D.Effects and Dangers of Suicide Indeed, the impact of depression is severe because it negatively affects all aspects of health and depresses thinking, moods, feelings and behavior, as well as weakens physical health. The depressed person loses interest in normal day to day activities and experience lack of pleasures in activities previously enjoyed. This loss of happiness is called anhedonia; it erases all the enjoyment previously experienced in life. Hence, the depressed person feels very sad, helpless and hopeless and suffers from crying spells.  These effects last for a long time.  ¹Ã¢  · In addition to the above major affects of depression, the afflicted individual also suffers from disturbed sleep; marked less or gain in weight; agitation or slowed body movements; fatigue; diminished self-esteem; persistent thoughts of death and suicide; impaired thinking or concentration and loss of libido or interest in sex. Depressed individuals either sleep too much or suffer from insomnia. They may wake up in the middle of the night or at dawn and not fall asleep again. They often become agitated, irritable and easily gets angered at little things. On the opposite extremes, they become robot like, moving slowly and speaking in a monotone. They feel fatigued and weary, filled with guilt and feelings of worthlessness. Because of these, they think of suicide and not death, unable to make the right decisions and forgetting things. They lose interest in sexual relations. It is when they become overwhelmed that depressed individuals commit suicide. ¹Ã¢  ¸ A study by Cassidy, Flamegon and Spellman (1957) found that 58% of depressed individuals were psychologically affected, often saying that they had nothing to look forward to, were afraid to be alone, could not remember anything, had black moods and blind rages, felt all mixed up, very unhappy or simply brooded around the house. Some (18%) felt that their head was heavy, pressured in the throat or had headaches. Some left a pain in the head like a balloon about to burst urinated frequently and had upset stomach. A few (11%) felt tired, exhausted or jumpy. They confessed to inability to do work, lack of strength and trembling like a leaf. A small number (2%) experience a mixture of medical and psychological problems such as getting scared and not being able to breath, suffering from stiff necks and loss of power, feeling a weakness in their arms. ¹Ã¢  ¹ In the major form of depression, depressed persons become so fatigued that they sleep throughout the day and night. They are unable to work or do simple chores due to exaggerated sadness and lack of lethargy that cannot overcome. Compounding their depressive feelings are those of worthlessness, excessive guilt and receiving thoughts of suicide affected by the lifetime  of these major depressive effects are 5-12 out of 100 men and 10-26 of women. The American Psychological association (APA, 1994) also point slowly increasing severity of the problem. Maj. Et al. (1992) state that about 75% of those who suffer from a depressive episode may suffer it again within five years . ²Ã¢  ° People who suffer from bipolar disorder or manic depression marked by alternating moods of depression and mania are affected differently. In this period of a manic episode, they become restless and feel energetic even with only three hours of sleep. They become very talkative, with racing thoughts and flighty ideas. They easily get distracted and increase their social work, school or sexual activities. They also become excessively involved in pleasurable activities that could lead to painful consequences such as uncontrollable buying sprees, sexual indiscretions or foolish business investments. All these can affect their work and social relationships. ²Ã‚ ¹ Less marked affects can be seen in the people with dysthemia or chronic low-level depression. While they may also suffer from disturbed sleep, energy and self-esteem, they are not debilitated; those who suffer from it often lack self-confidence or motivation and remain in abusive relationships. ²Ã‚ ² E.Therapy and Prevention Because depression especially major episodes can lead to suicide, treatment measures must be followed starting with techniques including giving of tranquilizing drugs for mania or antidepressant drugs for depressions, electroconvulsive therapy, milieu therapy, occupational and recreational therapies, and supportive psychotherapy. In addition to these, the most important treatment objective is to change whatever underlying personality problems are causing the depression through psychoanalysis or psychotherapy. ²Ã‚ ³ Three specific forms of psychotherapy that can effectively treat depression are cognitive therapy, behavior therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy.  These are combinations of one of the recommended such as tricyclics or selective serotonin reuptake inhabitations can effectively treat the condition. Other specified forms of treatment are electroconvulsive therapy and phototherapy for seasonal depression. ²Ã¢  ´ The type of treatment given to a depressed person depends on the physiological symptoms that can be observed including disturbance of sleep or loss of the desire to eat. In such cases, anti depressant medications that act to increase the amount of nor epinephrine, serotonin or both available in the synapses. These substances identified as neurotransmitters are found in decreased amounts in depression. Antidepressants that have been found effective are tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidate (MAO) inhibitions and selective serotonin reuptake inhabitations (SSRIS). The SSRIS are preferred because of fewer side effects and they are better tolerated for longer treatment. One example is Prozac. For those suffering from bipolar depression, lithium is usually given in all cases where these medications are used; care should be taken to prevent patients from using them in suicide attempts. ²Ã¢  µ The need to prevent depressed individuals from suicide attempts cannot be overemphasized. Statistics reveals that about 15% of the population experiences major depression and some point in life, putting them at risk for suicide. This danger increases due to the fact that depression is often not diagnosed, or when diagnosed, it is not treated adequately. Physicians need to always assess the risk of suicide by direct questioning because patients often fail to put their thoughts into words if they are not encouraged to do so. When such specific plans of suicide are discovered and if significant risk factors exist such as a past record of suicide attempts, deep hopelessness, accompanying medical illness, substance abuse, or social isolation and loneliness, the patient or depressed individual must be referred right away to a mental health specialist. The physicians should try to dig deeper with hope and empathy in dealing with the depressed patient, and become sensitive to hidden feelings denial a [atient who shows signs of anxiety, panic or agitation is at significantly increased risk of suicide. Almost 15% of patients with untreated depression will commit suicide but  majority of these will have asked for help within a month of their suicide. ²Ã¢  ¶ Because of the ever present danger and risk of suicide among depressive individuals, therapy and treatment should be implemented with clear steps for preventive measures. These include providing a safe environment to protect them from self-injury or suicide; providing a structured environment to encourage the patients to engage in daily and recreational activities ; to reactivate their interests away from personal concerns ; and to motivate them for the treatment and introduce psychotherapy and occupational therapy always, the doctors and caregivers should aim at building trust through one-to-one relationships, showing interest and giving positive support to help build the patients ego and self-esteem. They have to help provide adequate nutrition, sleep and exercise for the patients. ²Ã¢  · IV. Anxiety A. Definition Aside from and often occurring with depression are feelings of anxiety, best described as â€Å" an abnormal and overwhelming signs such as sweating, tension, and increased pulse ; by doubt concerning the reality of the threat ; and by self-doubt concerning one’s capacity to cope with it.  ²Ã¢  ¸ It must be pointed out that anxiety is a normal and useful feeling when it warns of possible danger, but uncontrollable anxiety becomes a disorder when the affected person becomes bombarded with intense, frequent and continuous false alarms. These false alarms may result in dysfunctional avoidance behavior such as refusal to leave the house for fear of a panic attack. Such anxiety disorders are reported as most frequently occurring type of mental disorders in the general population as reported by the American Psychological Association (1994). About 5% of the population suffers from acute or chronic anxiety, with women twice more likely to be affected. More than two percent (2%) of Americans for example have generalized anxiety disorder and are persistently axioms and disturbed. They become excessively and unrealistically worried about life circumstances. About a third of the populations also have at least one irrational or unreasonable fear or phobia. ²Ã¢  ¸ Such exaggerated worry often goes together with depression, which experts think is also caused by imbalance of neurotransmitters. As opposed to normal worry that encourages people to plan and prepare for the future, and to get financial security for the family and the future, anxiety disorders lead to feelings of apprehension, nervousness and nagging uneasiness that resemble a heart attack, accompanied by fast heartbeat, palpitations, seating and dizziness. People with anxiety disorders may also suffer from headaches, insomnia and relentless fatigue. ²Ã¢  ¹ B.Types of Anxiety Anxiety disorders are usually classified as generalized or free floating anxiety; phobic anxiety; or panic attacks. Free floating anxiety refers to morbid states of anxiety that are relatively persistent and generalized. On the other hand, phobic anxiety refers to directed of focused anxiety which is an unreasonable and unfounded fear of an object or situation that leads to avoidance situation. Such phobias are of three main categories. The first are phobias of specific objects or situations such as fear of thunder, spiders, etc. The second are social phobias connected to social situations such as speaking or eating in public; while the third is agoraphobia, anxiety of leaving ones home or familiar surroundings and being in crowded place. The last major category of anxiety disorders, panic attacks, refer t brief but very intense attacks of anxiety. ³Ã¢  ° Such panic attacks are or panic disorders are distinguished from real panic because the intense fear and feelings of doom or terror are not justified by the situation. These attacks are accompanied by shortness of breath, dizziness, heart palpitations, trembling, chest pains and even fear dying or going crazy. ³Ã‚ ¹ In the related disorder called agoraphobia mentioned earlier, the fear is connected to inability to escape such as from crowded grocery stores, elevators, a bridge, or a train, car or bus. The investigating factor is fear of having a panic attack in a public place; hence the afflicted person  avoids leaving home altogether. A similar anxiety disorder is obsessive- compulsive Disorder which is characterized by recurring obsessions and compulsions that lead to severe distress that interfere with life. Obsessions are persisting thoughts or ideas like the notion of a terrible accident about to happen to a loved one or that underwear is filled with germs compulsions and intentional behaviors or mental acts performed to act on an obsession, often as a magical technique to world off the obsessive threat, such as taking a bath over or washing the hands repeatedly. Those with OCD give in to irresistible acts that they perform repeatedly even if they know are irrational. ³Ã‚ ² One type anxiety disorder that has become common is Post- traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD. This is marked by flashbacks and recurrent thoughts of a psychologically distressing experience outside the range of usual human experience such as seeing someone killed; being tortured; being raped; or losing one’s home in tsunami or natural disaster. The signs include nightmares, flashbacks, lessened responsiveness to the world, and psychological numbness. ³Ã‚ ³ C.Causes and Risk Factors of Anxiety Whether anxiety is generalized or free-floating, phobic, obsessive- compulsive or caused by traumatic stress or panic attack, it is often exaggerated worry that goes together with depression. Hence, like depression, it is also caused by an imbalance in neurotransmitters as experts believe. ³Ã¢  ´ Also, like depression, anxiety disorders can be traced to several root causes including genetic vulnerability, and environmental factors. Family studies have shown that genetic factors. Family studies have shown that genetic factors and heredity contribute to anxiety disorders such as panic, simple phobia and obsessive-compulsive. People suffering from anxiety disorders have family members with anxiety and mood disorders. This generic vulnerability is believed to be due to mechanisms involving the neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine. Obsessive- compulsive  syndromes, for example, have been found to be the result of imbalance among neurotransmitter systems. As for environment, growing eyes in a home with pathologically anxious parents or family members give a significant environmental risk for anxiety disorders. ³Ã¢  µ One group of anxiety disorders, the phobias, can be traced to traumatic or painful roots. Psychiatrists believe that they often result from one single incident that was very frightening, painful or traumatic enough to leave a scar in the unconscious mind, one famous example was Rita Hayworthis phobia for riding elevators. A famous actress, she was once trapped in a lift in a tall building in Madrid when all of sudden, it plunged 20 floors down before the emergency brakes worked. After this event, she developed a phobia for elevators and moved only ride escalators or go to the event of walking up to a destination. She confessed that even thinking above riding an elevator would make her feel cold; she had developed claustrophobia. ³Ã¢  ¶ However, experts also point out that phobias maybe caused by a series of disturbing experiences or situations. This series of unpleasant, frightening events can deeply ingrain the fear in a person’s subconscious mind. One example is the case of famous Mike Douglas who developed acrophobia or fear of flying. At the first, he saw gasoline pawing out of the gas tanks of a B-24 Liberator he had to ride on a assignment. Although the plane did not burn the sight of gasoline hitting the airplane’s wings terrified him. On another tour, the plane he rode on lost an engine and they had to crash-land. Douglas had to be carried from the wreckage and since these two experiences, he had developed from the wreckage and since these two experiences, he had developed acrophobia. ³Ã¢  · In addition to different types of phobias, teenagers can develop anxieties because of difficulties connected with their struggles with issues of freedom and separation from parents, and the need to establish their personal identity. Teenagers often experience fear, ambivalence, and confusion about assuming the role of adults, and these may result in deep emotional conflicts and anxieties. High degree of anxiety among teenagers may be indicated by their overly passive, compliant and conforming  behaviors. ³Ã¢  ¸ Oftentimes, anxiety is caused by exaggerated concerns with the possibility of being physically or emotionally hurt in the future. For example, a student suffering from anxiety would experience continual thoughts of failing in a coming test and everyone thinking that he is stupid. ³Ã¢  ¹ D.Effects of anxiety and Dangers of Suicide Like depression, anxiety has harmful effects on the affected individual. They might feel apprehensive and nervous, troubled by nagging and constant uneasiness about the future. Attacks of anxiety are similar to a heart attack accompanied by rapid heartbeat, palpitations, sweating and dizziness. Anxious people also from headaches, insomnia, and relentless fatigue. When left untreated, anxiety disorders increase the risk for hypertension and heart disease.⠁ ´Ã¢  ° In the case of phobias, the extreme fright results in physical changes including quickening of heartbeat and responses, dilation of the pupils, and pouring of large amounts of energy producing adrenalin.⠁ ´Ã‚ ¹ This response is called the Flight or Fight response and is commonly known to become harmful to health when prolonged. In the case of teenagers, those suffering from anxiety often become preoccupied with physical complaints and feelings. They experience disturbed interpersonal relationships and become plagued and bothered by unrealistic fears. Because they cannot express their fears and anxiety, they may act out their feelings through dysfunctional behaviors like aggression, juvenile or drugs, and truancy. But the worse impact of anxiety is suicide.⠁ ´Ã‚ ² Indeed, the danger of suicide due to anxiety cannot be ignored. A study conducted in Sweden involving 3000 patients suffering from anxiety disorders found that before they reached 70 years old, one third or about 1000 died because of suicide. Hence, anxiety disorders predisposed affected people to commit suicide. ⠁ ´Ã‚ ³ E.Therapy and Prevention To relieve suffering and prevent suicide, proper management of anxiety attacks, treatment techniques and preventive measures must be followed by the afflicted individual and those who care for them. Persons affected by anxiety can learn the techniques of muscle relaxation and biofeedback. They have to take prescribed anti-anxiety medications such as benzodiazepines, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitions (SSRIs) and buspirone (bulpar) to help relieve anxiety symptoms.⠁ ´Ã‚ ³ According to western (1996), benzodiazepines are useful for short-term treatment of anxiety symptoms. The earliest medicine of this type was valium but this has since been replaced by alprazolen or xanax which is more effective in treating panic symptoms. These medications increase the activity of GABA neurotransmitters that inhibits activation throughout the nervous system. Hence, anxiety is reduced by increasing inhibitory neurotransmitters. In the case of panic disorder, psychiatrists prescribe antidepressant medications for faster relief of anxiety.⠁ ´Ã¢  µ In addition to medications which can be habit forming, those suffering from phobias can turn to other techniques to combat phobias. Trudy weirs man, director of the Phobia Workshop in New York suggests an eight-step plan to fight phobias. The plan includes the following steps; â€Å"(1) accepting the phobia; (2) Realizing that phobia cannot kill; (3) Not running and focusing instead on the present situation; (4) Making a chart of feelings and thoughts during a phobic situation; (5) Relaxation using the tighten-relax method; (6) Keeping in touch with reality to divert attention such us opening mail; (7) Belief in one’s own ability to function with fear levels; (8) Seeking professional help when all else fails’’ ⠁ ´Ã¢  ¶ However, it must be pointed out that the anxious individuals need all the help they can get. Those who come in contact with the, especially parents,  teacher and guidance counselors must be careful and be very cautious with teenagers rather the ignore behavior that often signs of serious disturbance and anxiety. For example, a teenager was suspended from school because of tribal rebellion, truancy and drug use. In the absence of social support from school officials and friends, the teenager overdosed on a bottle of pills in an attempt to commit suicide. The treatment revealed problems of depression.⠁ ´Ã¢  · People who come in control with anxious or depressed individuals must be aware of suicidal wishes that are expressed. Such suicidal wishes are extreme expressions of the desire to escape the suffering they imagine in the future and the burdens they believe they are placing on their families. In order to lighten the burden of suffering, hopelessness and mistaken ideas of the facility of their lives, the guidance counselor, teacher or psychiatrist must help the anxious person to examine their reasoning and think about alternative solutions to their problem. They must be guide in correcting their mistaken ideas about things that make them feel hopeless burden that add to their family’s sufferings once they recognize that there is a hope or alternative way, they will be motivated and forget about suicidal thought.⠁ ´Ã¢  ¸ Indeed, the need to correctly assess those people who are in danger of committing suicide and to follow the strategies to prevent them from putting into action suicidal thoughts cannot be overemphasized. School Nurses especially need to be vigilant in diagnosing teenagers with suicidal tendencies. The signs and symptoms of emotionally disturbed teenagers include the following. Social isolation related to inability to engage in personal relationships; Potential for self-directed violence related to suicidal behavior; Anxiety related to situational or maturational crisis; IV. Suicide A.Methods and types of suicide Mass media have successfully raised the awareness of people about the various methods and types of suicide. Some intentionally cause their own death directly by using firearms, knives, or poison while others hang themselves. There are also those who commit suicide indirectly by continuous intake of harmful substances such as alcohol, drugs or tobacco, though most people are aware only of direct suicide. Other types of suicide that have become well-publicized are euthanasia (doctor assisted suicide) and teen age suicide. The issue of teenage suicide has raised to the forefront with the case of the teenager committing suicide in a Pampanga mall recently. B.Statistics of Suicide Gelman (1994) cited in Smith (1992) reported that in the United States of America alone, about 30,000 people die from suicide every. Belluck (1998) cited in Smith (1992) reported that suicide ranked as the 8th leading cause of death among young people in the 15-24 age range. Among adolescents, there has been a marked increase in suicide rate since 1950. ⠁ ´Ã¢  ¹ In addition, statistics reveal that for every successful suicide, there are 5-10 attempted suicides. Moreover, women are reported to make more suicide attempts than men, but four times as many men actually commit suicide. Suicide cases have been increasing in both the teenage and elderly age group.⠁ µÃ¢  ° Furthermore, out of the estimated 30,000 people who actually committed suicide in the United States, 10-50 percent or about half suffer from major depression. For depressed people, the most dangerous time for suicide is when they are already to come out and recover the depression. When they are severely depressed, they are weakened and emotionally paralyzed so that they could not act on the impulse to kill themselves.⠁ µÃ‚ ¹ Just like depression, the anxiety disorders also predispose people to suicide and place them at risk for untimely death. As stated earlier, a study conducted in Sweden found that of more than 3000 impatient who have been  diagnosed with anxiety disorders, about one third or 1000 deaths before age 70 were due to suicide. Aside from those suffering from depression and anxiety disorders, those suffering from schizophrenia and personality disorders also die from suicide. Suicide is the primary cause of death among schizophrenics who are often faced with alienation and homelessness. Those with personality disorders are also prone to suicide because of the chaos and social problems they encounter in life. C.Preventive Measures In order to prevent individuals afflicted with depression, anxiety and other disorders from committing suicide, careful assessment of their status has to he made. Those near to them must recognize the level to depression or anxiety and the potential for suicide. Also, the presence of suicide ideation or thoughts of suicide have to be determined. The behaviors of these afflicted individuals have to be observed closely to note any clues to possible suicide. Most of the time, the person concerned will talk about suicide plans. Hence, it is important that a anxious individuals from self-destructive acts. Care must be taken especially at times when the patients depression in lifting. Support and care must be established so that the afflicted persons will know that those around them are concerned about their welfare. At all times, the depressed and anxious must be encouraged to express their feelings and anger. Relevant questions must be asked such as: â€Å"Do you wish your well dead?†, etc. All concerned should recognize such continued desire to commit suicide. More importantly, those around afflicted individuals should help increase their self-esteem by focusing on their strengths and success a structured schedule and involvement in activities with others should be helpful, as well as a structured plan to use to cope with future suicidal thoughts. The client should be helped to plan for continued professional help to relieve depression and anxiety in order to fully prevent suicide. In the case of teenagers, those educators, social workers, psychiatrists and others near them should help prevent teenage suicide by taking note of the risk factors and signs of suicide. These signs include changes in their behavior, anger,  irritability, depression, sadness, withdrawal, changes in eating and sleeping habits, and preoccupation with death are the other signs of suicidal tendencies. Those young people who are contemplating suicide often report headaches, stomach aches and ailments and also talk about killing themselves. IV. Conclusion In the end, public health workers and care givers could not be less vigilant in assessing suicide risks and in implementing measures to prevent suicide among others people suffering from depression, anxiety disorders and others disorders and severe stress. This is especially there in hospitals and health agencies. For example, a patient who had undergone mastectomy became quiet and withdrawn after a mastectomy operation upon learning that confirmation of cure would take months, she refused to eat and eaten jumped out of a window. Those who are most prone to depression and anxiety leading to suicide are those with chronic or incurable disease with loss or severe damage to body parts, and those with other concerns in addition to illness such as death of loved one, loss of property, divorce, separation and other overwhelming problems. The severity of depression and anxiety will depend on the evens catastrophe, or critical incident that has occurred. Whatever the case, the caregivers must always be aware of the damage from suicide. In conclusion, those concerned with individuals who are likely to commit suicide have to be aware of points at which to repeat suicide assessments. These individuals at a time prior/ before sustained therapentic response; first 6 months after hospital discharge; in presence of a new, painful, or disabling medical condition; in the presence of anxiety, panic or substances abuse; at evidence of relapse or recurring symptoms; at times of major stresses, losses, threats or shame inducing events; with comorleid personality disorders; or coming out of acute risk factors. Suicide, as what statistics has shown in recent years, have been increasing at a fat rate and is becoming more common especially among the young; but, it could be prevented with prompt and appropriate intervention. Depression  and anxiety, the most common causes of suicide, when left unchecked and untreated could lead to suicide among teenagers and adults alike. Hence, it is important for all who come in contact with depressed and anxious individuals to encourage them to undergo therapy and treatment.